Kamalesh Sirkar
Kamalesh Sirkar
Distinguished Professor, Chemical & Materials Engineering
371 Tiernan Hall (TIER)
About Me
Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Ph.D., is a Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT); he was also a Foundation Professor at NJIT. Sirkar is an internationally-renowned expert in membrane separation technologies. He is the inventor of the commercialized membrane-based solvent extraction technology for which Hoechst Celanese received Honorable Mention in the 1991 Kirkpatrick Award. He has pioneered among others the notion of microporous membranes as membrane contactors of two immiscible fluid phases as well as the contained liquid membrane. Sirkar was a professor of Chemical Engineering at IIT, Kanpur and at Stevens Institute of Technology. He has received the honorary degree of M. Eng., Honoris Causa, Stevens Institute, 1987 as well as many awards including the 2005 AIChE Institute Award for Excellence in Industrial Gases Technology and the 2008 Clarence Gerhold Award of the Separations Division of AIChE. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering during 2/11-6/21. He was also the editor of the Elsevier Series in Membrane Science and Technology during 2005-2011. He served as an Associate Editor of Separation Science and Technology during 2005-2011. He is serving/served as a member of the editorial boards of J. Membrane Science, I&EC Research, Nanomaterials, Separation Science and Technology. He is in the Advisory Board of Membranes, and the International Advisory Board of Indian Chemical Engineer. Sirkar is a co-editor of the widely-used Membrane Handbook. He has authored 217 refereed journal publications, 25 book chapters, 36 US patents, 3 Canada patents and over 350 presentations. He has mentored 40 PhD students, 47 MS students and 28 post-docs. He was the President of the North American Membrane Society (NAMS) during 1998-1999 and a Director of AIChE Separations Division (1993-1996). During 2010-2015, he was the Executive Director of the Membrane Science, Engineering, and Technology Center (MAST), which is an NSF I/UCRC. He is a fellow of AAAS(2008), NAI(2016), NAMS(2017), AIChE(2020). He is a Honorary Fellow of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (2001). He received the 2017 Alan S. Michaels Award for Innovation in Membrane Science and Technology by NAMS.
Education
Ph.D.; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ; 1969
M.S.; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ; 1966
B.Tech.; Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; ; 1963
M.S.; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ; 1966
B.Tech.; Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; ; 1963
Awards & Honors
2022 2022 Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award October 14, 2022., University of Illinois, Urbana, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department
2020 Fellow, AIChE
2017 TechConnect National Inventors Award, TechConnect Annual Conference
2017 2017 Fellow of National Academy of Inventors, Sixth Annual Conference of the National Academy of Inventors
2017 Winner of 2017 Alan S. Michaels Award, North American Membrane Society
2020 Fellow, AIChE
2017 TechConnect National Inventors Award, TechConnect Annual Conference
2017 2017 Fellow of National Academy of Inventors, Sixth Annual Conference of the National Academy of Inventors
2017 Winner of 2017 Alan S. Michaels Award, North American Membrane Society
SHOW MORE
2016 Elected Fellow of NAMS, North American Membrane Society
2009 Innovators Award, New Jersey Hall of Fame
2009 NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Award, NJIT
2008 Fellow, AAAS
2008 2008 Clarence Gerhold Award , Separations Division of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
2008 Contributions to Membrane Science and Technology, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
2009 Innovators Award, New Jersey Hall of Fame
2009 NJIT Board of Overseers Excellence in Research Award, NJIT
2008 Fellow, AAAS
2008 2008 Clarence Gerhold Award , Separations Division of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
2008 Contributions to Membrane Science and Technology, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
COLLAPSE
2024 Fall Courses
CHE 491 - RESEARCH & INDEP STUDY
CHE 492 - RESEARCH & INDEP STUDY
CHE 701C - MASTERS THESIS
CHE 710 - ADV MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROC
MTEN 701B - MASTERS THESIS
PHEN 701B - MASTER'S THESIS
MTEN 790A - DOCT DISSERTATION & RES
CHE 700B - MASTERS PROJECT
MTSE 701B - MASTER'S THESIS
CHE 792 - PRE-DOCTORAL RESEARCH
MTEN 491 - RESEARCH & INDEPENDENT STUDY I
MTEN 725 - INDEPENDENT STUDY I
MTSE 792B - PRE-DOCTORAL RESEARCH
CHE 706 - INDEPENDENT STUDY II
CHE 705 - INDEPENDENT STUDY I
CHE 790A - DOCT DISSERTATION & RES
MTEN 792 - PRE-DOCTORAL RESEARCH
MTSE 790A - DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
CHE 701B - MASTERS THESIS
MTEN 492 - RESRCH AND INDPENDENT STUDY II
MTEN 700B - MASTER'S PROJECT
MTEN 726 - INDEPENDENT STUDY II
CHE 492 - RESEARCH & INDEP STUDY
CHE 701C - MASTERS THESIS
CHE 710 - ADV MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROC
MTEN 701B - MASTERS THESIS
PHEN 701B - MASTER'S THESIS
MTEN 790A - DOCT DISSERTATION & RES
CHE 700B - MASTERS PROJECT
MTSE 701B - MASTER'S THESIS
CHE 792 - PRE-DOCTORAL RESEARCH
MTEN 491 - RESEARCH & INDEPENDENT STUDY I
MTEN 725 - INDEPENDENT STUDY I
MTSE 792B - PRE-DOCTORAL RESEARCH
CHE 706 - INDEPENDENT STUDY II
CHE 705 - INDEPENDENT STUDY I
CHE 790A - DOCT DISSERTATION & RES
MTEN 792 - PRE-DOCTORAL RESEARCH
MTSE 790A - DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
CHE 701B - MASTERS THESIS
MTEN 492 - RESRCH AND INDPENDENT STUDY II
MTEN 700B - MASTER'S PROJECT
MTEN 726 - INDEPENDENT STUDY II
Teaching Interests
Separation Processes; Membrane Separations; Membrane Science and technology
Past Courses
CHE 360: SEPARATION PROCESSES I
CHE 460: SEPARATION PROCESSES II
CHE 603: SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES
CHE 604: MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES
CHE 709: ADV SEPARATION PROCESSES
PHEN 614: PHARMACEUTICAL SEPARATION PROC
PHEN 614: PHARMACEUTICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES
CHE 460: SEPARATION PROCESSES II
CHE 603: SEPARATION PROCESS PRINCIPLES
CHE 604: MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES
CHE 709: ADV SEPARATION PROCESSES
PHEN 614: PHARMACEUTICAL SEPARATION PROC
PHEN 614: PHARMACEUTICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES
Research Interests
Novel membranes, membrane separation processes, novel membrane processes
Patents
Hollow Fiber Membrane Modules for Direct Contact membrane Distillation-Based Desalination
Separation of Organic Solvent Mixtures
Continuous Production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Liquid Separation Membranes Based on Nanowire Substrates
Porous Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Composite Membranes
System and Methods for CO2 Removal from Flue Gas by Temperature Swing
Porous Hollow Fiber Anti-Solvent Crystallization-based Continuous Method of Polymer Coating on Submicron and Nanoparticle
System and Methods for Continuous Removal of Water from Oil via Membrane Separation
Systems and Methods for CO2 Removal from Flue Gas by Temperature Swing Absorption
System and Method for Continuous Polymer Coating of Particles
Pervaporation Membranes Highly Selective for Volatile Solvents Present in Fermentation Broths
Desalination Devices and Systems using Porous Hydrophobic Hollow Fibers and Hydrophobic Porous Coatings
Iontophoretic Transdermal Drug Delivery System based on Conductive Polyaniline Membrane
Antisolvent Crystallization in Porous Hollow Fiber Devices and Methods of Use Thereof
Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallization Systems and Methods
Journal Article
Van Buggenhout, S., & Szekely, Gyorgy , & Chau, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2024). Open and FAIR data for nanofiltration in organic media: A unified approach. Journal of Membrane Science/Elsevier, 713 , 123356.
Feng, Lixin, & Song, Yufeng, & Basuray, Sagnik, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2024). IgG-BSA Separation and Purification by Internally Staged Ultrafiltration . Separation and Purification Technology, 354, 129245 .
Akan, Aytac Perihan, & Chau, John, & Gullu, Gullen, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Post-combustion CO2 Capture and Recovery via Membrane-solvent Hybrid Systems. Atmoshere published by MDPI, 14 , 490.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Yufeng (2023). Hollow Fiber Membrane Supported Metal Organic Framework- based Packed Bed for Gas/vapor Adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 454(2) Part 2, 15 February (2023) 140228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140228., 140228.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Feng, Lixin , & Song, Yufeng, & Basuray, Sagnik (2023). Hemoglobin-BSA Separation and Purification by Internally Staged Ultrafiltration . Separation and Purification Technology, 312, 123363 (2023)(312, 123363 (2023)), 123363.
Feng, Lixin, & Song, Yufeng, & Basuray, Sagnik, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2024). IgG-BSA Separation and Purification by Internally Staged Ultrafiltration . Separation and Purification Technology, 354, 129245 .
Akan, Aytac Perihan, & Chau, John, & Gullu, Gullen, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Post-combustion CO2 Capture and Recovery via Membrane-solvent Hybrid Systems. Atmoshere published by MDPI, 14 , 490.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Yufeng (2023). Hollow Fiber Membrane Supported Metal Organic Framework- based Packed Bed for Gas/vapor Adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 454(2) Part 2, 15 February (2023) 140228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140228., 140228.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Feng, Lixin , & Song, Yufeng, & Basuray, Sagnik (2023). Hemoglobin-BSA Separation and Purification by Internally Staged Ultrafiltration . Separation and Purification Technology, 312, 123363 (2023)(312, 123363 (2023)), 123363.
SHOW MORE
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Yufeng, & Peng, Cheng, & Iqbal, Zafar, & Peterson, Gregory W, & Mahle , John J, & Buchanan, James H (2022). Graphene Oxide and Metal Organic Framework based Breathable Barrier Membrane for Toxic Vapors . ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 14, 31321−31331 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Sharma, Ashok K, & Conover, Stephen P. (2022). Plasma Polymerized Coatings on Hollow Fiber Membrane- Applications and Their Aging Characteristics in Different Media. Membranes/MDPI, 12, 656.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John , & Pennisi, Kenneth J. , & Vaseghi, Gazelle, & Derdour, Lotfi, & Cohen, Benjamin (2021). Novel Perfluorinated Nanofiltration Membranes for Isolation of Pharmaceutical Compounds. Separation and Purification Technology/ Elsevier, 258, 117944 (2021)., 117944 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John (2021). Organic Solvent Mixture Separation during Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration by a Perfluorodioxole Copolymer Membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 618 (2021)., 118663 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Puranik, Aishwarya A, & Chau, John, & Rodrigues, Lydia N, & Sharma, Ashok K, & Juelfs, Adam, & Colling, Connor , & Sharma, Saket , & Conover, Stephen P. (2021). Porous Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Composite Hollow Fiber and Flat Membranes Prepared by Plasma Polymerization for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. Membranes/ MDPI, 11, 120.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Rodrigues, Lydia N, & Weisbrod, Kirk Ryan, & Ahern, John C, & Beuscher, Uwe (2021). Porous Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Janus Membranes for Nondispersive Membrane Solvent Extraction. Journal of Membrane Science/Elsevier, 637, 119633.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Yufeng, & Chau, John, & Peterson, Gregory W., & Beuscher, Uwe (2020). Membrane-Supported Metal Organic Framework Based Nanopacked Bed for Protection against Toxic Vapors. Separation and Purification Technology, 251 , 117406.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Aligwe, Philip Abraham, & Canlas , Christian J., & Cheng, Wu-Cheng (2020). Supported Gas Membrane-based Ammonia Removal and Recovery for a pH-dependent Sink: Effect of Water Vapor Transport. J. Membrane Science, 611, 118308 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Gao, X., & Wang, B., & Liu, Q., & Liu, C., & Li, M., & Chen, Dengyue (2020). Fluid Dynamic and Heat Transfer Simulations of Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallizer for Continuous Synthesis of Drug Nanoparticles. Crystal Growth and Design (Published by ACS), 20, 4020−4029.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Peng, Cheng, & Iqbal, Zafar K, & Peterson, Gregory W. (2020). Graphene Oxide-based Membrane as Protective Barrier against Toxic Vapors and Gases. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 11094-11103 .
Akan, Aytac Perihan, & Chau, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2020). Post-combustion CO2 Capture and Recovery by Pure Activated Methyldiethanolamine in Crossflow Membrane Contactors having Coated Hollow Fibers. Separation and Purification Technology, 237 (2020) , 116427..
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Jin, C., & Chen, D., & Pfeffer, R/ (2020). An Extended Duration Operation for Solid Hollow Fiber Membrane-based Cooling Crystallization. Powder Technology, 365 , 106-114 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, J., & Singh, D. (2019). 110th Anniversary: Liquid Separation Membranes based on Nanowire Substrates for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration and Membrane Distillation. I & EC Research, 58, 14350-14356.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Puranik, A/ A., & Rodrigues, L N., & Chau, J., & Li, Lin (2019). Porous Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Composite Membranes for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 591, 117225.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Zhou, X., & Wang, B., & Liu, Q., & Liu, C., & Chen, D. (2019). An Extended Duration Operation for Porous Hollow Fiber-Based Anti-solvent Crystallization. I & EC Research, 58, 12431 - 12437.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Abraham, Philip A., & Canlas, Christian J (2019). Hollow Fiber Gas Membrane-based Removal and Recovery of Ammonia from Water in three Different Scales and types of Modules. Separation and Purification Technologies, 224, 580-590.
Yao, Na, & Khusid, Boris, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Dehn, Derek J Nanoparticle Filtration through Microporous ECTFE Membrane in an Alcoholic Solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 210, 754-763.
Sirkar, Kamalesh, & Zhou, Xuan, & Wang, Bing, & Li, Jingchao, & Liu, Qiuhong, & Gao, Xuemin, & Chen, Dengyue, & Zhu, X. (2018). Continuous Production of Drug Nanocrystals by Porous Hollow Fiber-Based Anti-Solvent Crystallization. Journal of Membrane Science, 564, 682-690.
Chau, John, & Basak, Prithish, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2018). Reverse Osmosis Separation of Particular Organic Solvent Mixtures by a Perfluorodioxole Copolymer Membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 563, 541-551.
Chen, Dengyue, & Wang, B., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2018). Hydrodynamic Modeling of Porous Hollow Fiber Anti-solvent Crystallizer for Continuous Production of Drug Crystals. Journal of Membrane Science, 556, 185-195.
Chau, John, & Basak, Prithish, & Kaur, Jasmin, & Hu, Yucheng, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2018). Performance of a Composite Membrane of a Perfluorodioxole Copolymer in Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. Separation and Purification Technology, 199, 233-241.
Singh, Dhanajay, & Li, Lin, & Chau, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Obuskovic, G (2017). Novel Cylindrical Cross-Flow Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-based Desalination. Journal of Membrane Science, 545, 312-318.
Yao, Na, & Khusid, Boris, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Dehn, Derek J (2017). Effects of Tri-n-octylamine with or without Diluents on Microporous Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56, 9698–9709.
Singh, Dhananjay, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2017). Performance of PVDF Flat Membranes and Hollow Fibers in Desalination by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation at High Temperatures. Separation and Purification Technology, 187, 264-273.
Yao, Na , & Chau, John, & Elele, Ezinwa, & Khusid, Boris, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Dehn, Derek J (2017). Characterization of microporous ECTFE membrane after exposure to different liquid media and radiation, . Journal of Membrane Science, 532, 89-104.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2017). Membrane-based Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Continuous Production of Polymer-coated Crystals/Particles. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 23(2), 242-249.
Li, Lin, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2017). Studies in Vacuum Membrane Distillation with Flat Membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 523, 255-234.
Li, Lin, & Song, Liming, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2017). Desalination Performance of Large Hollow Fiber-Based DCMD Devices. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry (I&EC) Research , 56, 1594-1603.
Tang, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Majumdar, Sudipto (2016). Pervaporate Dehydration of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Selected Polar Organics by a Perfluoropolymer Membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 175, 122-129.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Li, Lin (2016). Influence of Microporous membrane Properties on the Desalination Performance in Direct contact Membrane Distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 513, 280-293.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2016). Continuous Preparation of Polymer Coated Drug Crystals by Solid Hollow Fiber Membrane-based Cooling Crystallization. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 499, 395-402.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John, & Jie, Xingming (2015). Polyamidoamine-facilitated Poly (ethylene glycol)/Ionic Liquid base Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process for CO2 Removal from Shifted Syngas. Chemical Engineering Journal, 302, 212-220.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Mulukutla, Tripura, & Chau, John, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2015). Novel Membrane Contactor for CO2 Removal from Flue Gas by Temperature Swing Absorption. Journal of Membrane Science, 493, 321-328.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay, & Chen, Dengyue, & Pfeffer, Robert (2015). Porous Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Continuous Technique of Polymer Coating on Submicron and Nanoparticles via Antisolvent Cyrstallization. I&EC Research, 54, 5237-5245.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2014). Continuous Synthesis of Polymer-Coated Drug Particles by Porous Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Antisolvent Crystallization. Langmuir, 31, 432-441.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Fane, Anthony, & Wang, Rong, & Wickramasinghe, S. Ranil (2014). Process Intensification with Selected Membrane Processes. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 87, 16-25.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Mulukutla, Tripura, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2014). Novel Scrubbing System for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture and Recovery: Experimental Studies. Journal of Membrane Science, 471, 16-26.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Zhu, Jiangtao, & Pfeffer, Robert (2014). Continuous Polymer Nanocoating on Silica Nanoparticles. Langmuir, 30, 7804-7810.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay (2014). High Temperature Direct Contact Membrane Distillation based Desalination Using PTFE Hollow Fibers. Chemical Engineering Science, Elsevier Ltd., 116, 824-833.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2014). Continuous Polymer Coating/Encapsulation of Submicrometer Particles Using a Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallization Method. I&EC Research, 53, 6388-6400.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Jie, Xingming, & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2014). Enhanced Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process for CO2 Removal from Shifted Syngas with Dendrimer-Ionic Liquid Mixtures as Absorbents. I&EC Research, 53, 3305-3320.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana, & Jie, Xingming (2014). Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process for Shifted Syngas Separation: Modeling vs. Experiments for Pure Ionic Liquid. Journal of Membrane Science, 453, 61-70.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay, & Prakash, Prakhar (2013). De-oiled Produced Water Treatment using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. I&EC Research, 52, 13439-13448.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Tang, John (2013). Permeation and Sorption of Organic Solvents and Separation of their Mixtures through Amorphous Perfluoropolymer Membrane in Pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 447, 345-354.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana, & Jie, Xingming, & Mulukutla, Tripura (2013). Solubilities of CO2 and Helium in an Ionic Liquid Containing Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Gen 0. I&EC Research, 52, 10484-10494.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Jie, Xingming, & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2013). Preliminary Studies of CO2 Removal from Pre-combustion Syngas through Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process with Ionic Liquid as Absorbent. I & EC Research, 52, 8783-8799.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & He, Fei (2013). High Water Recovery in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation using a Series of Cascades. Desalination, 233, 48-54.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay (2012). Desalination by Airgap Membrane Distillation using a two Hollow-fiber-set Membrane Module. Journal of Membrane Science, 421-422, 172-179.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Tang, John (2012). Perfluoropolymer Membrane behave like a Zeolite Membrane in Dehydration of Aprotic Solvents. Journal of Membrane Science, 421-422, 211-216.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Roy, Sagar, & Thongsukmak, Atsawin, & Tang, John (2012). Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution by Pervaporation . Journal of Membrane Science, 389, 17-24.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Obuskovic, Gordana (2012). Liquid Membrane-based CO2 Reduction in a Breathing Apparatus. Journal of Membrane Science, 389, 424-434.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay (2012). Desalination of brine and produced water by direct contact membrane distillation at high temperatures and pressures. Journal of Membrane Science , 389(2012), 380-388.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Lee, Hanyong, & He, Fei, & Song, Liming, & Gilron, Jack (2011). Desalination with a Cascade of Crossflow Holllow Fiber Membrane Distillation Devices Integrated with a Hollow Fiber Heat Exchanger. AIChE Journal, 57(7), 1780-1795.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Yang, Li, & Thongsukmak, Atsawin, & Gross, K. B., & Mordukhovich, G. (2011). Bio-inspired Onboard Membrane Separation of Watr from Engine Oil. Journal of Membrane Science, 378, 138-148.
Roy, Sagar, & Ntim, Susana Addo, & Mitra, Somenath, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2011). Facile fabrication of superior nanofiltration membranes from interfacially polymerized CNT-polymer composites. J. of Mem. Sci, 375(1-2), 81-87.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Roy, Sagar, & Ntim, Addo, & Mitra, Somenath (2011). Facile Fabrication of Superior Nanofiltration Membranes from Interfacially Polymerized CNT-Polymer Composites. Journal of Membrane Science, 375, 81-87.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Lee, Hanyong, & He, Fei, & Song, Liming, & Gilron, Jack (2010). "Desalination with a Cascade of Crossflow Hollow Fiber Membrane Distillation Devices Integrated with a Holow Fiber Heat Exchanger". AIChE Journal/Wiley, DOI:10:1002/aic 12409.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Liming, & Li, Baoan, & Zarkadas, Dimitrios, & Christian, Saskia (2010). "Polymeric Hollow Fiber Heat Exchangers for Thermal Desalination Processes". I&E Chemistry Research, 49, 11961-11977.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & He, Fei, & Gilron, Jack (2009). "Effects of Antiscalants to Mitigate Membrane Scaling by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 345, 53-58.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Xanthos, Marino, & Lin, Kuanyin (2009). "Novel Polypropylene Microporous Membranes via Spherulitic Deformation: Processing Perspectives". Polymer, Elsevier, 50, 4671-4682.
Fan, Q., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Wu, X. (2009). "A Thermo-sensitive Release System Based on Polymeric Membrane for Transdermal Delivery of Doxycycline HCl". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 337, 175-181.
He, Fei, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Gilron, J. (2009). "Studies on Scaling of Membranes in Desalination by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation - 2:CaCO3 and Mixed CaCO3/CaSO4 Systems". Chemical Engineering Science, Elsevier, 64, 1844-1859.
Thongsukmak, A., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2009). "Extractive Pervaporation to Separate Ethanol from Its Dilute Aqueous Solutions Characteristic of Ethanol-Producing Fermentation Processes". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 329, 119-129.
Lin, K. Y., & Xanthos, Marino, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2009). "Novel Polypropylene based Microporous Membranes via Spherulitic Deformation". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 330, 267-278.
Song, L., & Ma, Z., & Kosaraju, P. B. , & Irish, J. R., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2008). "Pilot Plant Studies of Novel Membranes and Devices for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-based Desalination". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 323, 257-270.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2008). "Membranes, Phase Interfaces and Separations: Novel Techniques and Membranes - An Overview". I&E Chemistry Research, 47(100th Anniversary Review), 5250-5266.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Sharma, Ashok K, & Conover, Stephen P. (2022). Plasma Polymerized Coatings on Hollow Fiber Membrane- Applications and Their Aging Characteristics in Different Media. Membranes/MDPI, 12, 656.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John , & Pennisi, Kenneth J. , & Vaseghi, Gazelle, & Derdour, Lotfi, & Cohen, Benjamin (2021). Novel Perfluorinated Nanofiltration Membranes for Isolation of Pharmaceutical Compounds. Separation and Purification Technology/ Elsevier, 258, 117944 (2021)., 117944 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John (2021). Organic Solvent Mixture Separation during Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration by a Perfluorodioxole Copolymer Membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 618 (2021)., 118663 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Puranik, Aishwarya A, & Chau, John, & Rodrigues, Lydia N, & Sharma, Ashok K, & Juelfs, Adam, & Colling, Connor , & Sharma, Saket , & Conover, Stephen P. (2021). Porous Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Composite Hollow Fiber and Flat Membranes Prepared by Plasma Polymerization for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. Membranes/ MDPI, 11, 120.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Rodrigues, Lydia N, & Weisbrod, Kirk Ryan, & Ahern, John C, & Beuscher, Uwe (2021). Porous Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Janus Membranes for Nondispersive Membrane Solvent Extraction. Journal of Membrane Science/Elsevier, 637, 119633.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Yufeng, & Chau, John, & Peterson, Gregory W., & Beuscher, Uwe (2020). Membrane-Supported Metal Organic Framework Based Nanopacked Bed for Protection against Toxic Vapors. Separation and Purification Technology, 251 , 117406.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Aligwe, Philip Abraham, & Canlas , Christian J., & Cheng, Wu-Cheng (2020). Supported Gas Membrane-based Ammonia Removal and Recovery for a pH-dependent Sink: Effect of Water Vapor Transport. J. Membrane Science, 611, 118308 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Gao, X., & Wang, B., & Liu, Q., & Liu, C., & Li, M., & Chen, Dengyue (2020). Fluid Dynamic and Heat Transfer Simulations of Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallizer for Continuous Synthesis of Drug Nanoparticles. Crystal Growth and Design (Published by ACS), 20, 4020−4029.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Peng, Cheng, & Iqbal, Zafar K, & Peterson, Gregory W. (2020). Graphene Oxide-based Membrane as Protective Barrier against Toxic Vapors and Gases. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 11094-11103 .
Akan, Aytac Perihan, & Chau, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2020). Post-combustion CO2 Capture and Recovery by Pure Activated Methyldiethanolamine in Crossflow Membrane Contactors having Coated Hollow Fibers. Separation and Purification Technology, 237 (2020) , 116427..
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Jin, C., & Chen, D., & Pfeffer, R/ (2020). An Extended Duration Operation for Solid Hollow Fiber Membrane-based Cooling Crystallization. Powder Technology, 365 , 106-114 .
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, J., & Singh, D. (2019). 110th Anniversary: Liquid Separation Membranes based on Nanowire Substrates for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration and Membrane Distillation. I & EC Research, 58, 14350-14356.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Puranik, A/ A., & Rodrigues, L N., & Chau, J., & Li, Lin (2019). Porous Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Composite Membranes for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 591, 117225.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Zhou, X., & Wang, B., & Liu, Q., & Liu, C., & Chen, D. (2019). An Extended Duration Operation for Porous Hollow Fiber-Based Anti-solvent Crystallization. I & EC Research, 58, 12431 - 12437.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Abraham, Philip A., & Canlas, Christian J (2019). Hollow Fiber Gas Membrane-based Removal and Recovery of Ammonia from Water in three Different Scales and types of Modules. Separation and Purification Technologies, 224, 580-590.
Yao, Na, & Khusid, Boris, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Dehn, Derek J Nanoparticle Filtration through Microporous ECTFE Membrane in an Alcoholic Solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 210, 754-763.
Sirkar, Kamalesh, & Zhou, Xuan, & Wang, Bing, & Li, Jingchao, & Liu, Qiuhong, & Gao, Xuemin, & Chen, Dengyue, & Zhu, X. (2018). Continuous Production of Drug Nanocrystals by Porous Hollow Fiber-Based Anti-Solvent Crystallization. Journal of Membrane Science, 564, 682-690.
Chau, John, & Basak, Prithish, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2018). Reverse Osmosis Separation of Particular Organic Solvent Mixtures by a Perfluorodioxole Copolymer Membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 563, 541-551.
Chen, Dengyue, & Wang, B., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2018). Hydrodynamic Modeling of Porous Hollow Fiber Anti-solvent Crystallizer for Continuous Production of Drug Crystals. Journal of Membrane Science, 556, 185-195.
Chau, John, & Basak, Prithish, & Kaur, Jasmin, & Hu, Yucheng, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2018). Performance of a Composite Membrane of a Perfluorodioxole Copolymer in Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. Separation and Purification Technology, 199, 233-241.
Singh, Dhanajay, & Li, Lin, & Chau, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Obuskovic, G (2017). Novel Cylindrical Cross-Flow Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-based Desalination. Journal of Membrane Science, 545, 312-318.
Yao, Na, & Khusid, Boris, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Dehn, Derek J (2017). Effects of Tri-n-octylamine with or without Diluents on Microporous Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56, 9698–9709.
Singh, Dhananjay, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2017). Performance of PVDF Flat Membranes and Hollow Fibers in Desalination by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation at High Temperatures. Separation and Purification Technology, 187, 264-273.
Yao, Na , & Chau, John, & Elele, Ezinwa, & Khusid, Boris, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Dehn, Derek J (2017). Characterization of microporous ECTFE membrane after exposure to different liquid media and radiation, . Journal of Membrane Science, 532, 89-104.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2017). Membrane-based Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Continuous Production of Polymer-coated Crystals/Particles. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 23(2), 242-249.
Li, Lin, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2017). Studies in Vacuum Membrane Distillation with Flat Membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 523, 255-234.
Li, Lin, & Song, Liming, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2017). Desalination Performance of Large Hollow Fiber-Based DCMD Devices. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry (I&EC) Research , 56, 1594-1603.
Tang, John, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Majumdar, Sudipto (2016). Pervaporate Dehydration of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Selected Polar Organics by a Perfluoropolymer Membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 175, 122-129.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Li, Lin (2016). Influence of Microporous membrane Properties on the Desalination Performance in Direct contact Membrane Distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 513, 280-293.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2016). Continuous Preparation of Polymer Coated Drug Crystals by Solid Hollow Fiber Membrane-based Cooling Crystallization. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 499, 395-402.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John, & Jie, Xingming (2015). Polyamidoamine-facilitated Poly (ethylene glycol)/Ionic Liquid base Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process for CO2 Removal from Shifted Syngas. Chemical Engineering Journal, 302, 212-220.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Mulukutla, Tripura, & Chau, John, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2015). Novel Membrane Contactor for CO2 Removal from Flue Gas by Temperature Swing Absorption. Journal of Membrane Science, 493, 321-328.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay, & Chen, Dengyue, & Pfeffer, Robert (2015). Porous Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Continuous Technique of Polymer Coating on Submicron and Nanoparticles via Antisolvent Cyrstallization. I&EC Research, 54, 5237-5245.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2014). Continuous Synthesis of Polymer-Coated Drug Particles by Porous Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Antisolvent Crystallization. Langmuir, 31, 432-441.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Fane, Anthony, & Wang, Rong, & Wickramasinghe, S. Ranil (2014). Process Intensification with Selected Membrane Processes. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 87, 16-25.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Mulukutla, Tripura, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2014). Novel Scrubbing System for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture and Recovery: Experimental Studies. Journal of Membrane Science, 471, 16-26.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Zhu, Jiangtao, & Pfeffer, Robert (2014). Continuous Polymer Nanocoating on Silica Nanoparticles. Langmuir, 30, 7804-7810.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay (2014). High Temperature Direct Contact Membrane Distillation based Desalination Using PTFE Hollow Fibers. Chemical Engineering Science, Elsevier Ltd., 116, 824-833.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chen, Dengyue, & Singh, Dhananjay, & Pfeffer, Robert (2014). Continuous Polymer Coating/Encapsulation of Submicrometer Particles Using a Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling Crystallization Method. I&EC Research, 53, 6388-6400.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Jie, Xingming, & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2014). Enhanced Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process for CO2 Removal from Shifted Syngas with Dendrimer-Ionic Liquid Mixtures as Absorbents. I&EC Research, 53, 3305-3320.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana, & Jie, Xingming (2014). Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process for Shifted Syngas Separation: Modeling vs. Experiments for Pure Ionic Liquid. Journal of Membrane Science, 453, 61-70.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay, & Prakash, Prakhar (2013). De-oiled Produced Water Treatment using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. I&EC Research, 52, 13439-13448.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Tang, John (2013). Permeation and Sorption of Organic Solvents and Separation of their Mixtures through Amorphous Perfluoropolymer Membrane in Pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 447, 345-354.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana, & Jie, Xingming, & Mulukutla, Tripura (2013). Solubilities of CO2 and Helium in an Ionic Liquid Containing Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Gen 0. I&EC Research, 52, 10484-10494.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Jie, Xingming, & Chau, John, & Obuskovic, Gordana (2013). Preliminary Studies of CO2 Removal from Pre-combustion Syngas through Pressure Swing Membrane Absorption Process with Ionic Liquid as Absorbent. I & EC Research, 52, 8783-8799.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & He, Fei (2013). High Water Recovery in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation using a Series of Cascades. Desalination, 233, 48-54.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay (2012). Desalination by Airgap Membrane Distillation using a two Hollow-fiber-set Membrane Module. Journal of Membrane Science, 421-422, 172-179.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Tang, John (2012). Perfluoropolymer Membrane behave like a Zeolite Membrane in Dehydration of Aprotic Solvents. Journal of Membrane Science, 421-422, 211-216.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Roy, Sagar, & Thongsukmak, Atsawin, & Tang, John (2012). Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution by Pervaporation . Journal of Membrane Science, 389, 17-24.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Obuskovic, Gordana (2012). Liquid Membrane-based CO2 Reduction in a Breathing Apparatus. Journal of Membrane Science, 389, 424-434.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay (2012). Desalination of brine and produced water by direct contact membrane distillation at high temperatures and pressures. Journal of Membrane Science , 389(2012), 380-388.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Lee, Hanyong, & He, Fei, & Song, Liming, & Gilron, Jack (2011). Desalination with a Cascade of Crossflow Holllow Fiber Membrane Distillation Devices Integrated with a Hollow Fiber Heat Exchanger. AIChE Journal, 57(7), 1780-1795.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Yang, Li, & Thongsukmak, Atsawin, & Gross, K. B., & Mordukhovich, G. (2011). Bio-inspired Onboard Membrane Separation of Watr from Engine Oil. Journal of Membrane Science, 378, 138-148.
Roy, Sagar, & Ntim, Susana Addo, & Mitra, Somenath, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2011). Facile fabrication of superior nanofiltration membranes from interfacially polymerized CNT-polymer composites. J. of Mem. Sci, 375(1-2), 81-87.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Roy, Sagar, & Ntim, Addo, & Mitra, Somenath (2011). Facile Fabrication of Superior Nanofiltration Membranes from Interfacially Polymerized CNT-Polymer Composites. Journal of Membrane Science, 375, 81-87.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Lee, Hanyong, & He, Fei, & Song, Liming, & Gilron, Jack (2010). "Desalination with a Cascade of Crossflow Hollow Fiber Membrane Distillation Devices Integrated with a Holow Fiber Heat Exchanger". AIChE Journal/Wiley, DOI:10:1002/aic 12409.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Song, Liming, & Li, Baoan, & Zarkadas, Dimitrios, & Christian, Saskia (2010). "Polymeric Hollow Fiber Heat Exchangers for Thermal Desalination Processes". I&E Chemistry Research, 49, 11961-11977.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & He, Fei, & Gilron, Jack (2009). "Effects of Antiscalants to Mitigate Membrane Scaling by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 345, 53-58.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Xanthos, Marino, & Lin, Kuanyin (2009). "Novel Polypropylene Microporous Membranes via Spherulitic Deformation: Processing Perspectives". Polymer, Elsevier, 50, 4671-4682.
Fan, Q., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Wu, X. (2009). "A Thermo-sensitive Release System Based on Polymeric Membrane for Transdermal Delivery of Doxycycline HCl". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 337, 175-181.
He, Fei, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Gilron, J. (2009). "Studies on Scaling of Membranes in Desalination by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation - 2:CaCO3 and Mixed CaCO3/CaSO4 Systems". Chemical Engineering Science, Elsevier, 64, 1844-1859.
Thongsukmak, A., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2009). "Extractive Pervaporation to Separate Ethanol from Its Dilute Aqueous Solutions Characteristic of Ethanol-Producing Fermentation Processes". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 329, 119-129.
Lin, K. Y., & Xanthos, Marino, & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2009). "Novel Polypropylene based Microporous Membranes via Spherulitic Deformation". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 330, 267-278.
Song, L., & Ma, Z., & Kosaraju, P. B. , & Irish, J. R., & Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2008). "Pilot Plant Studies of Novel Membranes and Devices for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-based Desalination". Journal of Membrane Science, Elsevier, 323, 257-270.
Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2008). "Membranes, Phase Interfaces and Separations: Novel Techniques and Membranes - An Overview". I&E Chemistry Research, 47(100th Anniversary Review), 5250-5266.
COLLAPSE
Chapter
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Singh, Dhananjay, & Li, Lin (2017). Membrane Distillation in Desalination and Water Treatment, A. Figoli and A. Criscouli (Eds.), Springer. (pp. 201-209). Springer
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Zarkadas, Dimitrios (2010). "Membrane Systems in Pharmaceutical Applications", in Chemical Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry: R&D to Manufacturing, David J. Am Ende (Ed.), John Wiley. (pp. Chapter 16, 299-314). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley
Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2008). "Membrane Contactors" in "Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications", Norman Li, Anthony G. Fane, W.S. Winston Ho, Takeshi Matsuura (Eds.), Wiley. (pp. 687-702). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Sirkar, Kamalesh K., & Zarkadas, Dimitrios (2010). "Membrane Systems in Pharmaceutical Applications", in Chemical Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry: R&D to Manufacturing, David J. Am Ende (Ed.), John Wiley. (pp. Chapter 16, 299-314). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley
Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2008). "Membrane Contactors" in "Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications", Norman Li, Anthony G. Fane, W.S. Winston Ho, Takeshi Matsuura (Eds.), Wiley. (pp. 687-702). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Conference Proceeding
Characterization of microporous ECTFE membrane after exposure to different liquid mediums and radiation
Advanced Membrane Technology VII, ECI Symposium Series Cork, Ireland, September 11-16, 2016 , September 2016
Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-based Desalination: Membranes, Modules, Scaling, Cascades, Operating Conditions
International Workshop of Membrane Distillation and Related Technologies, October (4th Quarter/Autumn) 2011
Advanced Membrane Technology VII, ECI Symposium Series Cork, Ireland, September 11-16, 2016 , September 2016
Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-based Desalination: Membranes, Modules, Scaling, Cascades, Operating Conditions
International Workshop of Membrane Distillation and Related Technologies, October (4th Quarter/Autumn) 2011
Book
Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (2014). Separation of Molecules, Macromolecules and Particles: Principles, Phenomena and Processes. Cambridge University Press